What is delayed onset muscle soreness?
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a condition involving muscular pain which occurs one to three days after physical activity. It's more likely to happen to people embarking on a new exercise program, or who are engaging in a new activity, especially:- In-experienced trainers returning from injury
- In-experienced trainers who may have had a long layoff between workouts
- Anyone who has altered their usual training routine, such as increasing the duration or intensity of exercise, or trying a new exercise
Other symptoms of DOMS may include reduced range of motion, reduced muscle strength, and swelling or tightness. It's thought DOMS may be a protective mechanism that assists in muscle repair, as the body makes it difficult to perform similar movements in the days afterwards.
Tips to minimise and prevent DOMS
Most people who exercise will experience DOMS at some point in their lives. But there are strategies you can adopt to prevent DOMS, or minimise its impact:- Warm up - A warm up increases circulation to your working muscles and prepares the body for exercise. A warm up should elevate your heart rate above 100 beats per minute
- Take it easy when starting out – If you have been inactive for some time, or if you are returning from injury, ease yourself gently into exercise over a few weeks
- Stretch after exercise – Stretching helps to boost your recovery after exercise and may help to reduce the impact of DOMS. Make sure to stretch the specific muscles used during your activity
- Make adjustments for your age - If you are 40 or older, increase your focus on strength and flexibility as part of your preparation for physical activity. Extra rest and recovery may also help to compensate for the age-related physiological changes which may reduce the body’s ability to recover from exercise
Tips for the treatment of DOMS
If you are experiencing DOMS, the following strategies may help to reduce its severity and duration.- Massage – Massage can boost circulation and reduce inflammation, helping to relax your muscles. Inform the masseuse that you have existing soreness, and its exact location.
- Rest (if the pain is intense) –If you have existing soreness, your muscles are still in the process of recovery. Give them time to recuperate and avoid exercise if you have intense muscle soreness. Pain is a warning sign, so make sure to listen to your body
- Gentle exercise (if the pain is moderate) - Light exercise can boost circulation and may help to relieve mild muscle soreness. This is also known as an active recovery. Choose low impact activities performed at a low intensity, such as swimming, walking, cycling, yoga or tai chi
- Heat - Heat applied to sore muscles increases blood flow, helping to speed up recovery. Apply heat to sore muscles for 20 minutes up to three times a day using a wheat bag, hot water bottle, or warm water in a bath, spa or hydrotherapy pool
How to tell the difference between DOMS and a cramp
There are some distinct differences between a muscle cramp and DOMS. Cramps occur suddenly and are an extremely painful muscle contraction. Unlike DOMS which occurs after exercise, cramps usually occur during exercise, especially once fatigue has set in.
Another significant difference is that you may still be able to perform light exercise with DOMS, while it’s virtually impossible to continue exercising during a cramp.