Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) which are found in fish, have a number of different functions related to brain health.
These fatty acids are considered to be an essential component of our diet, as the body cannot synthesise them in adequate amounts.
Clinical trials suggest that they may have therapeutic benefits for cognitive function as we age.
Fatty acids play a variety of roles within the brain:
Membrane structure & function
They are involved in helping to maintain the structure and function of neuronal membranes, and the myelin sheaths that coat our nerve cells.
They play a crucial role in maintaining the fluidity of neuronal membranes – which work best when they are at a point between gel and liquid crystal. This fluidity is important for the function of the membrane, and is strongly influenced by its fatty acid composition.
The fatty acid makeup of the membrane can be directly altered through diet. Membrane fluidity changes with age.
Brain chemistry
Omega-3 fatty acids are involved in aspects of brain chemistry (or neurochemistry). They potentially play a role in each step of neurotransmitter function neurotransmitter production, release, binding and breakdown. Neurotransmitters are the chemicals that move messages through our nerves.
Sending messages
Omega-3 fatty acids may also influence the activity of certain types of neurotransmitters and the function of the receptors that receive them. This means that omega-3’s could have a direct effect on brain function, as well as a person’s mood and behaviour.
Omega-3 fatty acids also play a role in eicosanoid production which influences the function of the brain. Eicosanoids regulate inflammation and immunity in the body, and also play a part in sleep and neurotransmission.
When it comes to ageing brains – there have been studies which have found a positive link between higher omega-3 consumption and better cognitive function.
References available on request